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Appendix linked to toxic Parkinson’s protein

The study suggests that the appendix, shown here, may be involved in the toxic protein buildup that’s linked to Parkinson’s.decade3d/iStock/Thinkstock

Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that leads to shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with walking, balance, and coordination. Symptoms usually begin gradually and get worse over time. Parkinson’s disease results from the loss of the dopamine-producing brain cells that control movement.

Many brain cells of people with Parkinson’s contain Lewy bodies, which are unusual clumps of the protein alpha-synuclein. Clumps of this protein are thought to be toxic to the cells and lead to their death. This protein has also been shown to accumulate in the gut of Parkinson’s patients. There is evidence that the protein may be able to travel from the gut to the brain via the connecting vagal nerve. Gastrointestinal symptoms are often associated with Parkinson’s disease and can start up to 20 years before the symptoms of brain cell degradation.

A team led by Dr. Viviane Labrie at the Van Andel Research Institute sought to explore whether the gut could be involved in triggering Parkinson’s disease. They focused on the appendix. Despite its reputation as a useless organ, the appendix is an immune tissue involved in the body’s defense against microbes and helps regulate bacteria in the intestine.

The team analyzed the records of nearly 1.7 million people whose health information was tracked for up to 52 years. They compared the chances of developing Parkinson’s disease among those who’d had their appendix removed with those who hadn’t. The work was supported in part by NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). Results appeared on October 31, 2018, in Science Translational Medicine.

Alpha-synuclein (red) in the neurons of the appendix. Viviane Labrie, Van Andel Research Institute

People who'd had their appendix removed (an appendectomy) had a 19.3% lower chance of Parkinson’s disease. Those who lived in rural areas and had an appendectomy had an even lower chance, 25.4%. People who'd had an appendectomy and developed Parkinson’s showed a delayed onset of the disease relative to those who still had their appendix—an average delay of 3.6 years for those who’d had an appendectomy at least 30 years prior.

The team also found a build-up of the toxic form of alpha-synuclein in the appendixes of healthy volunteers. This suggests that the appendix may be a reservoir for the disease-forming protein and may be involved in the development of Parkinson’s disease.

“We were surprised that pathogenic forms of alpha-synuclein were so pervasive in the appendixes of people both with and without Parkinson’s. It appears that these aggregates—although toxic when in the brain—are quite normal when in the appendix. This clearly suggests that their presence alone in the gut cannot be the cause of the disease,” Labrie said.

“Parkinson’s is relatively rare—less than 1% of the population—so there has to be some other mechanism or confluence of events that allows the appendix to affect Parkinson’s risk,” she explains. “That’s what we plan to look at next; which factor or factors tip the scale in favor of Parkinson's?”

—by Tianna Hicklin, Ph.D.